Chloroplasts, organelles found in plant cells, are essential for photosynthesis. They contain stroma, thylakoids, and grana, where chlorophyll captures light energy. Photosystem I and II convert light energy into chemical energy, while cytochrome b6f complex and ATP synthase facilitate energy transfer. Rubisco aids in carbon dioxide fixation. Ribosomes and DNA contribute to chloroplast development, enclosed by a chloroplast envelope. The chloroplast genome and transit peptides play roles in chloroplast function.